Free Essays on Affluenza

Affluenza At the point when I return home, the main thing I see is my sibling who is more than likely sitting in front of the TV. His preferred TV program right now is Nickelodeon’s Sponge Bob Square Pants. As he watches this children’s TV slot, he is being assaulted by numerous advertisers mentioning to him what he ought to have and totally needs. Tragically, numerous small kids, similar to my sibling, can't avoid allurement and request that their folks get them these toys that they see on TV. They are appeared at an extremely youthful age what plastic cash is and are too youthful to even consider grasping that charge cards are genuine cash. An excessive number of advertisements these days are being focused at little youngsters like never before previously. They center around them since they know there is a major market on things that youngsters need. There is likewise an example that goes with this business promoting to kids. From a beginning, youngsters feel like they can neve r have enough of what they need. At the point when they see something that they don't really require they need it with the goal for them to fit in with their friends. It’s a bad habit that will develop with them until they are grown-ups, and the more established they get the more genuine the issue. Like never before, advertisers have their cash set on youngsters to purchase more, get more and have more. Obviously they are the cash creators of the family, so they are the ones who are to impact their folks to get them what they need. These days kids are continually shelled with TV ads and commercials. At the point when children return home from school their first impulse is to hurry to the TV to watch their preferred kid's shows. Between the long stretches of three toward the evening till around six, advertisers attempt to offer their items to the youthful buyers. They are besieged with Barbie, Pokemon, Lego, and different activity saint toys that youngsters need to have and purchase. At the cinemas, there are consistently promotions for up and coming movies that are t... Free Essays on Affluenza Free Essays on Affluenza Affluenza At the point when I return home, the main thing I see is my sibling who is more than likely sitting in front of the TV. His preferred TV program right now is Nickelodeon’s Sponge Bob Square Pants. As he watches this children’s TV slot, he is being assaulted by numerous advertisers mentioning to him what he ought to have and completely needs. Shockingly, numerous small kids, similar to my sibling, can't avoid enticement and request that their folks get them these toys that they see on TV. They are appeared at a youthful age what plastic cash is and are too youthful to even think about grasping that charge cards are genuine cash. Such a large number of plugs these days are being focused at little youngsters like never before previously. They center around them since they know there is a major market on things that youngsters need. There is likewise an example that goes with this business promoting to youngsters. From a beginning, kids feel like they can never have enough of what they need. At the point when they see something that they don't really require they need it with the end goal for them to fit in with their companions. It’s a bad habit that will develop with them until they are grown-ups, and the more established they get the more genuine the issue. Like never before, advertisers have their cash set on kids to purchase more, get more and have more. Obviously they are the cash producers of the family, so they are the ones who are to impact their folks to get them what they need. These days kids are continually besieged with TV ads and promotions. At the point when children return home from school their first intuition is to hurry to the TV to watch their preferred kid's shows. Between the long periods of three toward the evening till around six, advertisers attempt to offer their items to the youthful purchasers. They are assaulted with Barbie, Pokemon, Lego, and different activity saint toys that youngsters need to have and purchase. At the cinemas, there are consistently ads for up and coming movies that are t...

A Boys Own Story -Book Review Essay Example

A Boys Own Story - Book Review Essay Running head: Book Review Thomas Meyer SOCWK 330 Book Review Brief Summary A Boy’s Own Story is the tale of the author’s, Edmund White, own self find of his homosexuality in the 1940’s and 1950’s in America. A Boy’s Own Story is the primary life accounts in a three book arrangement crossing the author’s late youth all through his adulthood. Edmund encounters a short sexual relationship with Kevin, a somewhat more youthful companion. Kevin and Edmund’s closeness is introduced as common and untroubled, immaculate by the disguised homophobia that will later torment youthful Edmund’s life. I knew about the tricky air vents above us, directing the sounds we were making upstairs. Perhaps father was tuning in. Or on the other hand possibly, much the same as Kevin, he was uninformed of anything besides the delight erupting up out of his body and into mine. † (White, 1982, pg. 17) Edmund’s father doesn't fill in as a decent good example. Edmund’s father was a miscreant, who later relinquishes Edmund’s mother for another lady. Edmund’s father relinquishes his obligations leaving the family without his money related help. Edmund follows up on his wants and engages in sexual relations with Mr. Beattie, a more established teacher of Edmund. After society pushes the standards of homophobia on Edmund he chooses to turn in Mr. Beattie, along these lines walking out on somebody who has given him love simply like his dad did to him and his family. A Boy’s Own Story closes with Edmund still unfit to accomplish a positive gay personality. His battle to grapple with his homosexuality isn't finished. Character’s Behavior Edmund’s advancement from youthfulness developed his comprehension and acknowledgment of his homosexuality. He begins his initially noted gay encounters with a more youthful male whose family was living with them. We will compose a custom exposition test on A Boys Own Story - Book Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on A Boys Own Story - Book Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on A Boys Own Story - Book Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He doesn't appear clashed with the blame and disguised externalized homophobia that last torment him. Book Review â€Å"I endured now. I felt confined to the point of absurdity, yet with a black out plan of action to drama, to a potential crowd and orderly end to dejection, for on the off chance that I envisioned total despondency I imagined it as a purging of the theater, an inclination that the slows down and boxes could never be inhabited again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (White, 1982, pg. 136) Edmund want to fit into his apparent standards of social orders produces into him a contention of character. He starts to search out others for sex and warmth. He conceals his wants from everybody that realizes him including an old buddy of his since he fears dismissal. Toward the finish of the book Edmund is scrutinizing the ethical quality and position of religion and society on the issue of homosexuality. Hypothetical Analysis One of the most popular and acknowledged hypotheses of gay character advancement is by Cass. Cass built up a six phase personality improvement model. Edmund advances through the phases in this first volume of his self-portrayal to the third stage. Toward the finish of the book Edmund is by all accounts despite everything battling with his homosexuality yet has gone to the acknowledgment that he isn't the one in particular that has gay propensities. (Cass, 1984) A psychoanalytic perspective on Edmund’s homosexuality would concentrate on his relationship with his dad and mom. This methodology may address if Edmund experienced sex character issues. Edmund considers himself a sissy and girly. Edmund thinks about himself to his sister who he sees as the competitor in the family that successes his father’s endorsement. Moreover, Edmund states that when he was more youthful he had sentimental emotions and wants for his dad. Edmund attempts to pick up the love of his dad and later endorsement of his dad. Related to having a sincerely inaccessible dad he likewise had a mother who appeared to be increasingly keen on being a socialite over being a mother. These issues can be taken a gander at utilizing traditional Freudian methods. Book Review I for one don't care for the Freudian psychoanalytical point of view since I feel the speculations are not appropriately tried. I am likewise intrigued to perceive how Edmund’s adolescence being brought up in a rich family may have affected how he created as a person. I will require time and further investigation to show signs of improvement problem of this issue. It was proposed in a Sociology class that there is a financial factor contrast between the new rich and old cash with regards to the issue of homosexuality. As per the teacher new rich like Edmund’s family where less endure in light of the fact that they don't have a sense of safety in their financial status and want to look for endorsement from society while old cash may simply consider homosexuality to be a type of capriciousness and they needn't bother with the endorsement of society. I am as yet looking for a hypothesis to help her announcement. Outline Edmund story is an intriguing investigate his brain. The book has the progression of a typical perspectives. The story alters center and course now and again to investigate the story more profound. It is troublesome not to be brought into the story as I am certain was the goal of the creator. I am keen on how Edmund further built up his own character and dealt with his homosexuality. I will be proceeding to peruse the following book of the arrangement as I am certain it will be similarly as interesting. I have developed in my comprehension of the psychosis of blame and homophobia. I feel more calm with myself and feel for other people, who have experienced society’s idea of ordinary conduct. From various perspectives I saw myself in Edmund’s story. Book Review Reference: Cass, V. (1984, May). Gay Identity Formation: Testing a Theoretical Model. The Journal of Sex Research, 20, 143-167. Elizur, Y. , Ziv, M. (2001, Summer). Family Support and Acceptance, Gay Male Identity Formation, and Psychological Adjustment: A Path Model. Family Process, 40, 125-144. Linda, G. , Kimmel, D. (1993). Mental Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experiences.. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Troiden, R. (1979). Getting Homosexual: A Model of Gay Identity. Psychiatry, 42, 362-373. White, E. (1982). A young men own story. New York: Penguin Books.

Types of Intelligence and How to Find The One You Are Best In

Types of Intelligence and How to Find The One You Are Best In Being referred to or described as “intelligent” is probably one of the best compliments you can hope for. Certainly, people with high levels of intelligence are accorded a lot of respect and admiration. Basically, they are viewed as a cut above the rest.But there are downsides to that, too, since being described as intelligent can be quite restricting and, at the same time, put a lot of pressure on you. You are expected to be excellent or outstanding at everything, and your smallest mistake will be picked on and criticized.This mostly stems from the fact that people, in general, have a single perception on what intelligence is. For most people, being intelligent is perceived as having a lot of useful (and sometimes non-useful) knowledge and skills, and being able to apply such knowledge and skills.That’s not wrong, mind you. In fact, it is one of the several accurate definitions of intelligence circulating today. Where it goes wrong in actual application is how people believe t hat being knowledgeable and skilled at general and random information is a sign of being intelligent. © Wikimedia Commons    |  BetsyOconnorYou see, there are several types of intelligence, and that’s what we will look into in the succeeding discussion.CATTELL-HORN’S TWO TYPES OF INTELLIGENCEIn Psychology, there are two types of intelligence, as identified by American psychologists Raymond Cattell and John Horn: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.Their theory holds that an individual’s overall intelligence is a result of different skills and abilities mixing and interacting together.Fluid intelligenceFluid intelligence is described as the “general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems, and discern relationships”. It is something that depends mainly on one’s native ability, and not something that can be obtained or acquired through education, training, or even experience and exposure to various environmental factors.This type of intelligence is often used when you are solving puzzles, answering riddles, or coming up with stra tegies to solve a particular problem. If you are a person with “street smarts”, that’s one way of saying that you have high fluid intelligence. Navigational skills, for example, means your ability to use your sense of direction, even in a city that you’ve never been to, or you’ve only visited once before.One way to clearly identify this type of intelligence is its flexibility and how adaptive it is, in the sense that it can be applied or used in different ways, depending on the situation.Crystallized intelligenceThis type of intelligence is the opposite of fluid intelligence in the sense that it is about having knowledge and skills that are obtained through education, learning and experience. While fluid intelligence basically remains the same throughout a person’s life, crystallized intelligence can actually increase.An example often cited is vocabulary knowledge. As you go to school every year, your vocabulary knowledge will definitely increase. Taking math exams is an other example. At first, you learn about algebraic and mathematical theories.As you take more advanced math subjects or courses, you’ll learn more about the application of those theories, until your mathematical skills crystallize.GARDNER’S NINE TYPES OF INTELLIGENCECattell and Horn’s position that there is more than one type of intelligence was affirmed a decade later when fellow American psychologist Howard Gardner introduced his Theory of Multiple Intelligences in 1983.His theory suggests that there is more to being intelligent than simply being proficient in languages or being good in math.Let us go over each of the nine types of intelligence identified in Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and try to find the one that you are best in. © Wikimedia Commons  |  BetsyOconnor1. Logical-Mathematical IntelligenceUsually, one of the most obvious gauges used in determining whether one is intelligent or not is his logical ability or his ability to solve mathematical problems. That type of intelligence falls under this category.This type of intelligence describes superior inductive and deductive reasoning and calculating ability, so that anyone who possesses it is able to think conceptually and abstractly. In any given situation, they find it very easy to spot trends and patterns and understand relationships. Order and sequencing figure greatly in your thinking processes.You have high logical-mathematical intelligence if:you are good with numbers and various tasks that involve quantifying things, such as mathematical operations and arithmetic problemsyou enjoy performing experiments and conducting investigations in order to prove the hypotheses that you’ve formulated earlieryou enjoy playing logic and strategy games, and you do it often to further hone your intelligenceyou enjoy the challenge of unraveling mysteries and solving puzzlesyour curiosity makes you ask cosmic or deep questionsThe learning style for people with logical-mathematical intelligence involves acquiring theoretical knowledge of concepts first, before they can get down to dealing with the finer details.People with high logical-mathematical intelligence are best suited in occupations such as mathematicians, detectives, investigative journalists, and scientists.2. Linguistic IntelligenceLinguistic intelligence refers to a person’s ability to use words effectively. Some people think that if you know more than two languages, then you have superior linguistic ability.That is correct, but that is not all there is to being linguistically intelligent. You see, you may only know one language and still be deemed to have superior linguistic intelligence if you prove that you can use that single language very well.In other words, linguisti c intelligence is seen in your ability to find the right words to express what you mean.You have high linguistic intelligence if:you have a way with words, and can use it to achieve an objective, such as persuasion or convincing someone to do something or act in a certain manneryou have a rich vocabulary, and you know what words to use, and how and when to use themyou like to read a lot, and you may also want to write a lotyou enjoy playing word games, or other similar games that involve word useyou have an easy grasp of other languages or dialects, even if fluency is not requiredPeople who demonstrate high linguistic intelligence include authors, novelists, poets, journalists, public speakers, and motivational speakers. To a great extent, politicians are also deemed to be linguistically intelligent.3. Visual-Spatial IntelligenceBelieve it or not, there are people who have difficulty viewing or visualizing the world in its three dimensions. When we talk about being able to think in 3D, the following capacities are involved:Mental imagery, or the capacity of the person to draw up, in his mind, an image or picture as representation of the physical world. Whether it is from a past memory or an actual previous experience with that object, he can easily “see” in his mind’s eye that object, even if it is not physically present within his line of sight.Spatial reasoning, or the capacity to perceive and think about objects in 3D, even despite having limited information about it. It also covers the capacity to draw generalizations from the limited information available. Mention a cube, and he will immediately think of an object with six sides. Mention a pyramid, and he will have an image of how a pyramid will look like when viewed from the front or from the top.Image manipulation, or the capacity to view an image and picture how it will look like when tweaked or altered. Some people have trouble picturing the end result when an image’s appearance is changed, wh ile there are those who have no issues seeing how it will turn out when the proposed changes have been effected.Artistic skills, or the ability and skills in creating fine art. Graphic skills also fall under this category. Essentially, being visually and spatially intelligent often go hand in hand with creativity, especially in several professions or lines of work.Let us not forget that visual-spatial intelligence also involves having a very active imagination. Most of the time, you will be drawing on your imagination when putting this intelligence to use.You have high visual-spatial intelligence if:you have a high awareness of your surrounding environmentsyou have very good navigation skills and a sharp sense of directionyou enjoy playing with jigsaw puzzles and games that involve maps and mazesyou like to draw and work with pictures and imagesyou tend to daydream a lot, creating scenarios in your headA person with visual-spatial intelligence will become highly lauded as painters, sculptors, architects and designers. Those who are working with distances are also known to possess this type of intelligence, and the prime examples are pilots and seafarers.4. Naturalist IntelligenceBeing able to “read” and understand nature, and all the living things in and on it, is also a type of intelligence. Having sensitivity for all living and non-living elements in nature makes you “nature-smart”.You have high naturalist intelligence if:you love nature, and enjoy spending time outdoorsyou are able to connect easily with animalsyou have a knack for raising animals or making plants grow (what people call “green thumb”)People with naturalist intelligence work best as botanists, agriculturists, forest and park rangers.5. Musical IntelligenceCan you carry a tune? Do you have a talent for dissecting the elements and details of sound? Then you should count yourself as one of the intelligence ones when it comes to musicality. If you are very sensitive to rhythm and sou nd, then you possess this type of intelligence.You have high musical intelligence if:you can discern sounds and break them down â€" their pitch, rhythm, tone and timber â€" easilyyou love â€" and can recognize, create, and/or reflect â€" on musicyou are comfortable with music or sound playing in the background even when you are doing other thingsyou are highly sensitive to even the smallest sound, so that you can hear sounds that others missPeople with musical intelligence find their niche as musicians, composers, vocalists, composers, conductors, sound mixers and sound engineers.6. Existential IntelligenceThis may sound too deep for some, but tackling existentialism issues and questions is also a form of intelligence. This denotes a deep sensitivity and a high capacity to tackle very serious questions, combined with a passion to pursue the answers to these questions.You have high existential intelligence if:you are genuine in your curiosity to the answers of questions the likes of which include “why do we live?”, “why do we die?” and “what happens to us after death?”, to name a few.you demonstrate high sensitivity when it comes to matters related to human existencePeople with existential intelligence are most suited in jobs in psychology and theology. Motivational speakers are also expected to possess this type of intelligence in great amounts.7. Bodily-Kinesthetic IntelligenceHave you ever heard of hand-eye coordination? Usually, people who have superior hand-eye coordination make a killing in the field of sports. However, it is rare for us to hear athletes being described as “intelligence” by virtue of their athleticism.Well, there is also such a thing as mind-body coordination, and this is what bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is. Mainly it is about physical skills, and how you are able to use your physicality to manipulate objects and other elements around you.You have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence if:you have a keen sense of body aw areness, knowing what you are capable of and recognizing your physical limitsyou can communicate well using body language, with gestures and actions that can convey the message you intend to deliver to the recipientsyou have no issues with physical contact, since you are comfortable touching other people or being touchedyou have, at least, a very good sense of timing when it comes to performing physical tasks and activitiesyou are good with your hands, such that you can handle tools and machines with a high degree of deftness, combined with an economy of movementyou like making or creating something with your handsPeople who possess bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are usually athletes, dancers, acrobats and stage performers. Craftsmen, or those who create highly detailed crafts and products, are also known to demonstrate impressive mind and body union.But perhaps the best example of somebody who is good with their hands is a surgeon, whose every action â€" no matter how small â€" in side the operating room, will dictate how a patient’s life will go.8. Interpersonal IntelligenceYour emotion also has very close links with your intelligence; we even have what is known as “emotional intelligence” or EQ. In this case, interpersonal intelligence refers to your ability to sense other people’s feelings, as well as read their motives.They say that you have above average interpersonal skills if you possess good to very good communication skills â€" both verbal and non-verbal. That is usually the first thing that you will notice in a person with high interpersonal intelligence.You have high interpersonal intelligence if:you can easily spot distinctions or differences among people, and you also find it easy to recognize them even in a large crowdyou have a wide circle of friends and acquaintances, and you are comfortable spending time with other peopleyou are sensitive to the moods and temperament of other peopleyou are able to look at things from various points of view or perspectives, instead of just sticking to your own anglePeople with high interpersonal intelligence will do great as teachers, social workers, and politicians. Stage and film actors also use their interpersonal intelligence to essay or portray any character.9. Intrapersonal IntelligenceSelf-awareness is also a form of intelligence. If you understand yourself, if you know what you are feeling and why you are feeling it, and if you know exactly what you want and need, then you can confidently say that you possess intrapersonal intelligence.But wait, doesn’t that make you sound like a self-absorbed narcissist? If we leave the description at that, it definitely does make you appear like one.However, having intrapersonal intelligence also involves possessing an appreciation and respect for human condition, in general. This means that you will also view yourself with respect to that of other people.You have high intrapersonal intelligence if:you are self-motivated, meaning you tend to put yourself first when assessing various situations you come acrossyou are strong-willed and independent, and have no issue learning by yourselfyou are fully aware of your feelings, and you take action to planning and directing your life, without primarily depending on others to dictate what you should doyou tend to be shy and introverted, preferring to keep to yourself and have solo moments for self-reflectionPeople with high intrapersonal intelligence are those who would be most comfortable as spiritual leaders, psychologists, guidance counselors, and even philosophers.Is it possible to possess all nine? Yes, there is definitely a high probability of that. In fact, some even claim that we all have, to a certain degree, all of the nine types of intelligence. It’s just a matter of some types of intelligence being higher or more apparent than others.Now, have you found the type of intelligence that you possess in greatest abundance?

Mount Kilimanjaro - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 385 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Mount Kilimanjaro [pic] Location Description Mount Kilimanjaro is situated entirely within the borders of Tanzania, although is situated close to the border of Kenya. It is situated 3 degrees, or about 340 km, south of the Equator. To the west lies the Great Rift Valley created by the tremendous tectonic forces which also created a string of other volcanoes. Climatic conditions Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa and fourth highest of the Seven Summits. It is among the tallest freestanding mountains in the world, with Uhuru Peak rising to an altitude of 15,100 feet (4,600 m) from base to summit. Kilimanjaro is a giant stratovolcano that began forming a million years ago when lava spilled from the Rift Valley zone. Mount Kilimanjaro is composed of 3 distinct volcanic cones: Kibo (5895 metres), Mawenzi (5149 metres) Shira (3962 metres). Volcanic conditions Although it’s dormant, Kilimanjaro has fumarole (an opening in the earths crust) that emits gasse s in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Molten magma is just 400 metres below the summit crater. A number of landslides have occurred in the past creating an area called the Western Breech. The last known eruption was approximately 360 000 years ago, but the most recent volcanic activity took place approximately 200 years ago. Interesting facts about Mount Kilimanjaro 1. The oldest person ever to summit Mt. Kilimanjaro was 87-year-old Frenchman Valtee Daniel. 2. Almost every kind of ecological system is found on the mountain: cultivated land, rain forest, heath, mooreland, alpine desert and an arctic summit. . Because of Global warming the mountain’s snow caps are diminishing, having lost more than 80 percent of their mass since 1912. In fact, they may be completely ice free within the next 20 years. 4. The fasted verified ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro occurred in 2001 when Italian Bruno Brunod summitted Uhuru Peak in 5 hours 38 minutes 40 seconds. The fastest roundtrip wa s accomplished in 2004, when local guide Simon Mtuy went up and down the mountain in 8:27. 5. Approximately 25,000 people attempt to summit Mt. Kilimanjaro annually. Approximately two-thirds are successful. Altitude-related problems is the most common reason climbers turn back. 6. South African Bernard Goosen twice scaled Mt. Kilimanjaro in a wheelchair. His first summit, in 2003, took nine days; his second, four years later, took only six. Born with cerebral palsy, Goosen used a modified wheelchair, mostly without assistance, to climb the mountain. [pic] Mount Kilimanjaro from Amboseli. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mount Kilimanjaro" essay for you Create order

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Method of Radical Doubt Free Essays

The method of doubt that is used to attain certainty was formulated by famous Western philosopher Rene Descartes (Burnham Fieser). It was initially formulated to be a method for religion, science, and epistemology (Burnham Fieser). He lived in the 16th to 17th century, and created works on mathematics and physics (Burnham Fieser). We will write a custom essay sample on Method of Radical Doubt or any similar topic only for you Order Now His method of radical or hyperbolic doubt was a product of his being a radical skeptic. This position means that Descartes did not readily accept anything as true. Moreover, he did not immediately classify anything as knowledge. Thus, contrary to the inclinations of philosophers and thinkers of his time, he never believed in anything unless they passed his test of indubitability (Burnham Fieser). Descartes vehemently denied the prevailing concepts of his time, as put forward by the Aristotelian, Scholastic, and Medieval traditions (Burnham Fieser). This gave birth to his determination to be a radical skeptic, which for him allowed him to start anew in his quest for a philosophical foundation (Burnham Fieser). However, it is important to note that Descartes’ radical skepticism is different from the position of other skeptics, which is doubting for the sake of doubting. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical Bromination Being a radical skeptic, Descartes desperately searched for true knowledge (Burnham Fieser). For him, knowledge is based on truth and indubitability (Burnham Fieser). A certain proposition would only be accepted as knowledge if it were true and does not entertain doubt (Burnham Fieser). For example, one’s knowledge of a table is brought about by his belief that it is true and real. Descartes formulated a criteria of knowledge based on clarity and distinctness, which gives a person confidence in his determination of whether a statement is worthy of being accepted as true knowledge (Burnham Fieser). Descartes’ radical skepticism is characterized by his comprehensive rejection of the reliability of accepting ideas as truth or knowledge (Burnham Fieser). He is known for the wide-ranging premise that truth is not represented by a person’s ideas (Burnham Fieser). For him, ideas cannot be automatically classified as truth (Burnham Fieser). Quite the contrary, ideas obscure a person’s perception of the truth. (Burnham Fieser). Thus Descartes rejected all ideas that are susceptible to doubt. In this connection, he likewise excluded mere wishes or opinions from real knowledge (Burnham Fieser). For him, such dubitable ideas could not serve the purpose of determining the foundation for philosophy or knowledge (Burnham Fieser). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt was explained in detail in his work published in 1641, entitled Meditations on First Philosophy, wherein he discussed issues regarding the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body (Burnham Fieser). In this book, Descartes concluded that there is at least a doubting being whose existence is independent of its body; namely, himself (Burnham Fieser, 2006). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt consists of several stages (Burnham Fieser). First, it involves the identification of a class of knowledge that is unreliable because it is not credible (Burnham Fieser). This class of knowledge refers to sensory information, or those gathered from sensory stimuli (Burnham Fieser). Descartes’ choice of doubting sensory knowledge is based on his stand that sensory knowledge has been known for failing in the past (Burnham Fieser). Furthermore, Descartes claims that there is a distinct possibility that it will still fail in the future. Moreover, he referred to optical illusions, which are sensory knowledge that is based on deception. They make a person believe that his perceptions differ from what truly exists in the world (Burnham Fieser. For Descartes, therefore, sensory knowledge cannot be trusted. Descartes next subjected his own ideas to radical doubt (Burnham Fieser). This he did by imagining that there exists a God who deceives him into thinking his thought, beliefs, and perceptions. (Burnham Fieser, 2006). However, due to Descartes’ strong belief in God, he later replaced the idea of God as the deceiver to avoid disagreeing with his Christian belief, and conjured the idea of a malevolent demon who deceives him (Burnham Fieser). Under this test, Descartes was able to conclude that even his own ideas cannot be trusted because they can still be doubted, since they could have been implanted in his mind by the malevolent demon (Burnham Fieser). Finally, Descartes settled with the conclusion that he exists (Burnham Fieser). This conclusion he reached through mental intuition, because he noticed that there were statements that are presented to his mind with sufficient clarity and distinctness that there is no reason to doubt them (Burnham Fieser). This gave rise to his famous phrase, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† or â€Å"Cogito ergo sum (Burnham Fieser).† This cannot be doubted, because the fact that he doubts shows that there is an existing entity who performs the doubting (Burnham Fieser). If he did not exist in the first place, then there is no being whom the malevolent demon would be deceiving (Burnham Fieser).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, Descartes arrived at one conclusion using his method of radical doubt. This conclusion is that it is the indubitable truth that he is a thinking entity that exists (Burnham Fieser). Works Cited Burnham, D. Fieser, J. â€Å"Renà © Descartes (1596-1650).† The Internet Encyclopedia of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy. 2006. 1 Apr. 2007 http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm.       How to cite Method of Radical Doubt, Essay examples

Essay on Strategic Management

Question: Write an essay about theStrategic Management. Answer: 1) Strategic analysis Economic: Holding one of the prestigious positions in Southeast Asia, Indonesia can be classified as the newly emerged industrialized country. As mentioned by Adhiarna et al. (2013), Vegemite, an Australian food paste, can be easily exported to Indonesia. Since the country has extensive potentiality in economics, the government has increased funding for infrastructure. Due to its economic and financial stability, the Indonesian Government has a strong foothold in importing products from the foreign market. The upgraded financial flow also increases foreign direct investment or FDI along with portfolio flows. Darmadi (2013) also commented that Vegemite Company of Australian can undergo merging with Indonesian food paste companies to have fair trading in Indonesia. It will, therefore, contribute to the countrys economy that will help in growth and success within the country. Political: Collings (2014) commented that Indonesia is a politically stable country with a sustainable economic growth and stable inflation. It is even seen that investment opportunities are quite profitable in every sector, and hence, Vegemite will be occupying a commercial position in Indonesia. The politically strong Government, therefore, helps foreign investors in participating in the Indonesian market and hence exhibits strong fundamentals that help them to flourish. As opined by Wei, Samiee Lee (2014), the Indonesian Government is highly committed towards the structural reforms. It possesses tight monetary policies that help in benefitting the overall economy of the country. Vegemite also finds it easy to cope up with the foreign policies of Indonesia and hence flourishes in a growing way. Moreover, the vibrant political structure also helps in deepening the confidence of global investors. Social and cultural environments: As per commented by Youn et al. (2013), social and cultural environment Indonesia is quite open. Due to the presence of many religions over there, Indonesia respects every religion and their cultural beliefs and traditions. Moreover, due to political and economic stability, people warmly greet foreign food products in the country and make them a part of their daily life. Vegemite that is made from yeast extract is a food spread for cracker biscuits, crumpets, sandwiches, and toasts. Along with this, Mail, Suparman Santoso (2014) also mentioned that cost of Vegemite is marginal so that it can be easily made a part of every day's food habit. It's salty, bitter and malty taste but it is unique that savors the customers in adding it to vegetables as a spice additive. 2) Recommendations Distribution: Stead Stead (2013) commented that in Indonesia, Vegemite has opted for direct distribution and intensive distribution system. It helped the organization in gaining a strong competitive advantage and also helps in targeting customers those are far and wide. In a case of the direct distribution system, Vegemite directly sends products to the end consumers. Here, the customers directly meet with the organization's sales department that helps in having a strong bond or relationship with the organization. Moreover, direct interaction also helps in growing a strong customer base. This distribution strategy helps in strong penetration in the market (Munizu, 2013). As opined by Mail, Suparman Santoso (2014), Vegemite also follows intensive distribution system for addressing the mass market. Through this distribution system, the organization reaches out a maximum of the customers where it can target the audiences directly. It tries to cover up a maximum of the market and the target audiences. Here, the organization, Vegemite products are stocked in large amounts to a maximum of the outlets. Vegemite has stocked its products in supermarkets, gas station and drug stores where customers can easily get in touch with the products (Adhiarna et al. 2013). Promotion: According to the opinion of Kim, Hoskisson Lee (2015), Vegemite has adopted social media as promotional activities. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, etc. have promoted this product with its ingredients and usage to attract customers extensively. Along with nutritional values can also be used as promotional aspect for promoting this product. Hence, it helps in getting with its loyal and old customers to a more personal level. Even more, customers are also asked to share their views and feedback regarding the product by its taste, recipes added and innovative uses in different food materials (Jermias Armitage, 2013). Along with this, Collings (2014) also mentioned that Vegemite also can promote its products through taking an active participation in charity. The better it will be involved in social causes, the brand value and image of the organization will increase. As a result, it will become famous among its customers, and it will help in increasing customer database. Hence, both sales volume and profit margin of Vegemite will increase accordingly. So, promotion is the most important factor for Vegemite. References Adhiarna, N., Hwang, Y. M., Park, M. J., Rho, J. J. (2013). An integrated framework for RFID adoption and diffusion with a stage-scale-scope cubicle model: A case of Indonesia.International Journal of Information Management,33(2), 378-389. Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), 253-261. Darmadi, S. (2013). Do women in top management affect firm performance? Evidence from Indonesia.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society,13(3), 288-304. Jermias, J., Armitage, H. M. (2013). Management accounting in Indonesia: analysis of current systems, potential for change and forces behind innovation.The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society,8(1), 36. Kim, H., Hoskisson, R. E., Lee, S. H. (2015). Why strategic factor markets matter:New multinationals' geographic diversification and firm profitability.Strategic Management Journal,36(4), 518-536. Mail, A., Suparman, S., Santoso, B. (2014). Relationship between Internal Quality Audit and Quality Culture toward Implementation Consistency of ISO 9000 in Private College of Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.International Education Studies,7(9), 175. Munizu, M. (2013). The Impact of total quality management practices towards competitive advantage and organizational performance: Case of fishery industry in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Stead, J. G., Stead, W. E. (2013). The coevolution of sustainable strategic management in the global marketplace.Organization Environment, 1086026613489138. Wei, Y. S., Samiee, S., Lee, R. P. (2014). The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), 49-70. Youn, S., Yang, M. G. M., Hong, P., Park, K. (2013). Strategic supply chain partnership, environmental supply chain management practices, and performance outcomes: an empirical study of Korean firms.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, 121-130.

Global Injustice in Modern World

Introduction Distinguished pastors and writers have preached and written respectively that human beings are equal before the eyes of God. They have put emphasis on how human beings have taken too much of the world things and forgotten the principles that connect them with God. However, it is surprising to find that the same pastors live luxuriously. Their subjects are not even able to sustain their daily meals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Injustice in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We find pastors driving modern cars worthily millions of money. Some even have private jets. It is inconceivable that pastors preach the word of God with respect to the life of Jesus Christ. Right from the Holy Bible, Jesus was never rich. He lived and preached the agreeable news to people. He is said to have eaten with sinners and the exact humble men (Mark 2:13, Coogan, 2011). This is what should be happenin g in today’s world. This is the genesis of global inequality, which is addressed in this paper. People believe in the Christian life, so if the injustice begins there, then it becomes even serious when we talk about it. Religion should be the uniting factor. It should bring equity among the people of all categories. This I believe is true to all the religions in the world. Global Injustice Global injustice is as old as human kind. It has alarmingly been on the increase with the advent of technology and the demographic changes. It is an aspect of social, economic and political unevenness. It extends to the point of people starving to death while others dying of health related diseases. It is that simple. Thousands of people are dying of obesity due to eating too much junk food. The global injustice could be prevented but due to the greediness of human, it has existed in the negative state. I strongly side with Pogge’s argument that the world poor is because of the doubl e standard that people keep on playing. People have the means of production and, they hold them to enrich themselves. They have it in mind that giving something will lead to a suffering at a letter date on their side. Singer, P. (1972), talks of the world contribution to save life. He describes the deal governments and their contributions toward fighting hunger. This should be something jointly done. It should not be left to the government. It should be common knowledge that there are people out there languishing. People should be magnanimous enough to see in to it. They should not play games and blames on who should contribute. It is a dirty for everyone to save life or prolong it. Singer P gives an example of pulling a child from a state of danger.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other thing would be saving a drowning man. These two examples demonstrate the need to do selfless things where possible. Beitz, R. (2001) accounts that giving some amount for the sake of the needy helps considerably to save a dying kid in the refugee camps. He explains that giving should not be balanced on how much one gives. The double standard again here brings the whole issue to an undesirable standard. The doing because someone is acting to this extent should not arise in this situation. Humanity and empathy should play an influential role rather than thinking of what extent the neighbor is giving. Pogge, T. (2002), describes the social inequality in terms of socioeconomic status. There are people who buy clothes for fun and not because of the primary reason (Singer, 1972). Rationally these people could have given this money in aid of a hungry child in the refugee camp. What they argue is that the government is there for such people. They also give reason as if helping these people is only postponing the whole problem for the future. It is reasonable to do the right thing wh en it matter rather than relaxing to see things getting worse. If one is capable of saving a life, why would he not do it? We are all people with senses with same destiny. The difference is how we live. Giving does not mean that one is rich or he is showing off. The kind heart drives them to help. Fighting for a utopian world is rather difficult. What is crucial is just some justice. It is imperative to reduce the rate of death and crying mouths in the world. Having the joy for all even if not at the same status is the most valuable thing. Doing justice should be the priority to everyone. There should be no pointing fingers at the government or the other person because they did not give anything to help. If that person did not do as expected, then be the person to do that without expecting any reward. It is all about the purity of heart. In the churches, there is giving every Sunday. However, it is surprising to find that these churches are less concerned with giving out. Receiving is sweet, but giving is painful. A good example of global injustice is demonstrated in Kenya. Some few months ago, the country was crying because people were perishing. Livestock was being wiped out by the drought. So many organizations volunteered to assist. There was the famous hunger drive philosophy of Kenya for Kenyans; it was to my astonishment that I did not hear any of the churches donating anything.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Injustice in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The question goes back to the idea of churches. They are ringleaders in preaching equality, but they were nowhere during this catastrophic event. The global poverty can be seen rooting from the point where people expect hope. Poverty will keep on increasing for years. On the other hand, those who are rich will continue becoming rich. In the African contest, there are street children and families. There are peopl e living below the line of poverty. Recently after the post election violence, Kenya has grown to be a tourist center because of the people living in tents. This is so painful to note that these people were once able to sustain their needs (Nasong’o Murunga, 2007). The greedy politicians came and robbed them their belongings. They now live in devastating situations. The fact is that, this inequality can easily be eliminated. Nevertheless it has been considered to be an area rich of votes for the next general elections. This is due to the cultural diversity that led the country to a civil/tribal war (Olunya Njogu, 2007). The political power as it can be seen has a significant influence on the global injustice. The politicians are financially stable. They are the representatives of the common person. However, they do not consider that fact. They keep on enriching themselves. They impose legislation that is significant to them. They do not want to lose. They think that if they make the common citizen well off, then they will not have the chance of getting back to parliament. For this reason, the socioeconomic injustices continue to thrive. This happens because of the double standard that Pogge talks about. No one wants to take responsibility. No one wants to take risks. The world is full of injustices, not because it cannot be controlled, but because people are too much into themselves. Charity and relief organizations are the best place to contribute to save a life. Very few people are willing to contribute. They have certain ideologies negative about the charity organizations. This is an indication of the fact that people fear doing some right things because they know the effects would be detrimental to their wealth. Pogge, T. (2002) gives a clear indication of the fact that the ruling power does not take the interests of the poor people. The poor people normally think of help and aspire for it from their representatives. It is only to their surprise t hat they find being neglected and betrayed by their own men.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The political power is always interested in those who are willing to give in terms of finance. This is because they will only have a keen interest in other governments and even tourists and never their own people. Human rights are also given in terms of he who owns the power to have them (Barry, 1997). Human right such as health is not a privilege. However, it has been taken for granted. This explains why the global injustice has gone deeper to the level of health services provision. Those who are rich will always get the best services. There is the issue of privatization of companies. This is more considerable in the countries that practices capitalism. Private hospitals are for the rich and the public for the poor. It is evident even in the education sector. Rich parents take their children in private schools to get the best education. The poor kids will fall under the category of public schools. It is a fact that they have money, but what about the poor children. Nobody chooses w here to be born. No one will ever want to be born in a poor family. If this happens, it should be fair enough to create some equity for the betterment of the whole population. The global inequality will thrive as long as man will keep on giving reasons against helping the situation. The spirit of goodwill should be revived. Man should be more human than he is today. The idea of everyone for himself should not be the case today. The ethical, cultural norms should be inculcated within the human race. People should be willing to do something they see is worth doing. They are not supposed to think of what other people should do, will do or ought to done. The spirit of love for each other will help bring down the injustice in the world. Spiritual leaders should change their techniques. They should practice what they preach rather than doing the opposite. Conclusion Man is the most valuable creature of the Most High. Despite his inconsistencies, his social status and his economic status, his life is valuable. The short life that God has granted us should be meaningful to everyone. Everybody wants to be happy. The way the poor sees life be sweet is the same way the rich man views it. The only difference is means of production. Man must change for a better place for generations to come. There should be no pretense of incapability because man can do anything. References Barry, B. (1997). Humanity and Justice in Global Perspective, Contemporary Political Philosophy. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell publishers. Beitz, C. (2001). Does Global Inequality Matter? Metaphilosophy. Malden, USA: Blackwell publishers. Coogan, M. D. (ed.) (2001).The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford UP. Nasong’o, V. Murunga, R. (2007). Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy. Nairobi, Kenya: Zed books Ltd. Olunya, O. Njogu K. (2007).Cultural Production and Social Changes in Kenya: Building Bridges. Nairobi, Kenya: Twaweza Communications Ltd. Pogge, T. (2002). World Poverty and human Rights. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell publishers. Singer, P. (1972). Famine, Affluence and Morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, New York, USA: Princenton University Press This essay on Global Injustice in Modern World was written and submitted by user Natalia Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

medea as tragic hero essays

medea as tragic hero essays According to Aristotle, a tragic hero is either an aristocrat or someone of royalty that cannot be evil. The hero has a flaw that causes a mistake in his judgement and leads to the downfall of himself or those around him. Also, the character must recognize his guilt. The Greek play Medea is the tale of a sorceress, Medea, and a fleet commander, Jason, and the conflicts that arise among them. Medea abandons her home and flees to Corinth after foolishly falling in love with Jason. There, two sons are born to them. Jason and Medea remain happy until Jason finds a new love, the King of Corinth's daughter. Filled with rage and overcome with jealousy, her two flaws, Medea sends her rival a poisoned robe, her mistake. Because she fears the king will attempt to avenge the death of his daughter by harming her sons, Medea kills them. By realizing that she will feel the lifelong agony of her sons' deaths, Medea is the tragic hero. The first requirement of being a tragic hero is the character must be either noble or royal. As the daughter of Aeetes, King of Colchis, Medea is royal. However, because she kills her brother and deceives her father, they exile Medea from her home of Colchis. But because Medea is a "sorceress," she possesses magical powers. Therefore, Medea qualifies for being aristocratic or royal. A second characteristic of a tragic hero is he or she cannot be evil. It may seem Medea is evil because she is a "sorceress," but she has a conscience. In act two when Medea says "O women, I cannot do it! . . . Farewell to all my plans! ," she shows that she is considering allowing her children to live. Although Medea kills her sons in the end, having a conscience shows she is not evil. Jealousy and rage are Medea's flaws. When she discovers Jason's new marriage, she becomes furious. Her first reaction is to kill the princess, which is her mistake. After killing the princess, she fears someone will har ...

Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting Standards - Essay Example In china they follow the Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) while companies in the United States of America follow the Genarally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Phelps (2003), states that a political influence is one of the serious problems facing accounting standard setting. This is because political influence will tend to make the standards in a certain way either to benefit some people or to be damaging to some. Some countries have come up with their own accounting standards which are somehow different from the internationally accepted standards. By doing so, they favor their respective economy for it to do better than the other economies. Members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board responded to accusations that they had given in to political pressure by saying that they could not do anything to stop political influence, but they were lobbying for the independence of the Financial Accounting Standards Board from political influence and that more should be done to st op political influences from interfering in accounting standards issues (Phelps, 2003). Politically influencing accounting standards has resulted in negative effects. For example, the current economic crisis in Europe and other countries can be partly attributed to political influence in the standardization on accounting (Botzem, 2012). Since governments influenced on accounting issues such as lending, banks gave out a lot of money without following the internationally accepted guidelines of accounting. This led to enormous debts and fallouts leading to companies and business institution falling. It also resulted in job cuts and general poor economy. Another effect of political influence on accounting standardization is that it results in some people gaining a lot of income at the expense of others suffering tremendously huge loses. This happens when the standards are intentionally set to benefit some people thereby making them to benefit from intentional manipulation of standards. This goes against the accounting principle which stipulates that all accounting standards should be of equal benefit to all parties. According to Botzem (2012), political influence on standardization of accounts results in increased fraud, criminal activities, terrorism and money laundering. This is because people involved in fraud and money laundering use political influence to make changes in accounting standards in order for them to legitimize their illegal income. This has played a huge role particularly in the drug business, money laundry and terrorism. Terrorist activities have been funded through accounting loopholes created as a result of political influences. Drug lords and money launders have used political influence to create loopholes in accounting standards for them to legitimize the money there have acquired through their illegal business. Executives of large business organization have used political influence in accounting standards to avoid releasing poor results. Th is results in investors and stockholders losing their money since they invest in companies which fail to post financial accounts revealing loses. Investors and stockholders invest a lot of funds in business organizations that are falling without their knowledge hence losing a lot of money. Political influences in the setting of accounting standards have limited and hindered international trading. This occurs   as a result of different accounting standards in different regions. Some business organizations have been limited to doing business with other firms in their respective regions due to the presence of different acco

Philosophical Issues in Business and Management Essay

Philosophical Issues in Business and Management - Essay Example It is essential to present the expression, which can give and explain the principal roots of the strategic management decision making: Thus, the purpose of the given paper is not only to make the taxonomy of the decision making knowledge in strategic management, but to make it simple, understandable and practical for the use in the further similar researches. It is of course possible to develop certain taxonomy in the system of the modern strategic managerial knowledge, but it often difficult or problematic to find the exact borders between various theories, as they often combine common features and share common grounds. Every successful company needs good strategic management and right strategic decision making. The practice must be supported by the corresponding theory and the theory should be prove by practice. That is why it is essential to consider the issue both from the theoretical and practical points of view. The given work will be useful for making the taxonomy of the decision making knowledge in strategic management. It also will help to make this taxonomy simple and comprehensible, so that it may be applied for further investigations. This work has used 16 literary sources, and has chosen various approaches as the basis for taxonomy of the necessary information; it has also made certain suggestions which should be accounted in the further attempts to systematize the notions of the strategic decision-making.  Ã‚   Taxonomy can be defined as a science of classification of any knowledge, and can be applied to any theoretical or practical field of science. Applying taxonomy to the area of strategic decision making has become popular in the recent years, though attempts to systematize the schools of the strategic decision making has been attempted earlier. It was a difficult task to accomplish, as strategic decisions have been described, as being unclear, complex, unpredictable and messy. The first

Corporate Social Responsibility: Tesco and Sainsburys

Corporate Social Responsibility: Tesco and Sainsburys Importance of CSR: Case studies of Tesco and Sainsbury Executive Summery Corporate social responsibility which needed explanation some decades ago, is now included almost every mission statement and does matter in the recent time. It is to a very large extent true that with the awareness of consumer, Media, certain rules from the authorities and pressure from NGOs have lessen the harm of the corporate world to the society. But on the other hand it has been observed that if a conflict between profit and doing the right thing is seen profit wins. To start with, the project will examine what CSR stands for in reality in the light of the definitions provided by different intellectuals. It will further highlight does corporate social responsibility matter followed by the discussion about the importance of CSR in the recent times. After that the project further enquires the different approaches towards CSR as some people are in favour and many are against CSR activities in the business. Furthermore, the project throws light on the obligation and practices of the different institutions and authorities which includes businesses, Government, Professional accountants, Non government organization and general public as well. The impartial conclusion has been made after enquiring the findings from previous literature, previous progress in respect of CSR, corporate worlds role in current situation, future priorities declared by government, accountants, non- government organizations and civil society . Moreover, an analytical approach of case studies has been adopted in the project where mainly two companies Sainsbury and Tesco have been chosen to demonstrate the corporate worlds current role with regards to CSR. In addition to two companies Sainsbury and Tesco, the analysis of the scores of other companies is also included to reach the conclusion. Finally, the projects propose some recommendation with regards to CSR for Government, Professional accountant, Businesses and civil society that they need to make collective efforts to make this world a better place not only for themselves but for the successors as well. Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is CSR? Although every organization has formed a different definition for corporate social responsibility yet there are common grounds and connection between them. CSR is about how companies manage business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. (www.mallenbaker.net) With the passage of time CSR has become very important issues in the corporate world and even for other stakeholders including media. For instance the financial times and guardian have special reporters for Corporate Social Responsibility of the corporate world. Social responsibility can be found in almost every weekly newspaper. According to Mallenbaker CSR is something which ‘like original sin can never be escaped by corporate world. The following illustration will help to explain CSR to a very large extent: In terms of the above mentioned illustration, to bring the quality of management, the organization or company has to consider all the inner and outer circle factors which will ultimately bring about the positive effect on the society. For instance if the company tries to show its responsibility in respect of Environment it has to satisfy the government, non-government organization and civil society concerned with environment. Similarly for work place it has to keep in mind the employees rights and unions as well. 1.2 Who are Stakeholders? Person, group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions and the community from which the business draw its resources (www.businessdictionary.com). Businesses generally need to manage their relationship with their stakeholders for both short and long term benefits. It is considered more valuable for any company to involve the stakeholder in the whole process and communicate them through a sophisticated process. For the lasting relationship with the stakeholders, the managers need to expand role of the stakeholders by moving form just informing and responding to involving them in corporate social responsibility process. 1.3 Background The history of social responsibility of the corporate in the world is as old as business itself. For instance the laws to protect forest during commercial operation can be found almost 5000 years ago. In ancient Mesopotamia almost 1700 BC King Hammurabi introduced some laws for farmers, builders and innkeepers which showed that they would be prosecuted if they caused any death or major problem for the citizens. In old Rome senators grumbled about the failure of business to contribute sufficient taxes to fund their military campaigns. (www.brass.cf.ac.uk ) With the advent of industrialisation the impacts of the business on society assumed a new dimension. By the 1920s the world saw a new discussion about social responsibility of the business which was actually the beginning of the modern Corporate Social Responsibility movement. In March 2006 the European commission published its latest communication on CSR which clearly defines that the companies should recognise the social and environmental concerns in their business activities. The aim for this communication was to make Europe ‘pole of excellence ‘on CSR.Uk government also encouraged such activities and in the ‘global reporters surveys UK companies were rated the top 3 reporters. Almost 80 % of FTSE 100 companies report on social and environmental issues. (www.corporateRegister.com) 1.4 Project Objectives A large part of the project includes the discussion about the importance of the CSR to the businesses, Government, civil society and especially for the professional accountants who can play a very important role in respect of CSR reporting. It has been tried to achieve the following objective in the project. * What is CSR in reality with its true spirit * Importance of CSR in the current era * Stakeholders expectation from Corporate World * Role of professional Accountant * What the businesses are doing in this respect * How CSR can be developed * Is there any legislation exists or needed The debate on CSR is growing day by day but in reality a big part of the corporate world and society almost does not know the real meaning of the this term. Some recognise it as a report for public relation. Some say it is about to improve the business competitiveness. Some call it a good business practice. The other feels it is just a type of threat. CSR in reality is a framework of relations between corporate world and the rest of society both nationally and internationally. It is not the activities just for the big countries in the world but for all the companies exist in this world because people exist everywhere. CSR is good for long term business development as well as for wider society. The world has seen progress in every area and this thing has increased more concerns for the society. Thats why the partnership of society and business world is needed to deal with all the concerns. Government in this aspect ha a very important role to play to bound and encourage the corporate world to recognise its social responsibility and act positively. This task is not only the responsibility of one department ,company or community but participation is needed from every field of life including Governments, Corporate world, NGOs, Professional Accountants ,Professional bodies and Civil society. 1.5 Priorities So For CSR has gained more attention for all including media but on the other hand the real importance of the CSR is being neglected or going behind the scene in some way or other. Many organizations are using CSR as a tool to make money for their shareholders ignoring the other stakeholders of the business which is totally against the true spirit of CSR. The government and private bodies made some priorities in the past and started working on CSR. They precisely mentioned some principle to go along with these issues. For example U.K CSR department announced publically that it will highlight the importance of social and environmental responsibility, assist the involvement of all the small and medium sized companies in this respect. They further mentioned that they will favour the transparency of CSR reporting and aware the whole corporate not only in U.K but all over the world. To talk about the professionals who are considered responsible for reporting financial and social issues used to follow only a set of rules established by GAAP and other bodies. These rules and regulation do not seem to be helpful for the professional accountants to report social and environmental issues. The professional used to look into the past for reporting like historic cost, prudence etc and have ignored the changing trends of the world which has become the global village. Although management accounting deals with the removal of waste which is also a part of CSR yet there are so many things which the accountants are lacking. The accountants should know the reality that the standards only provide guideline and it is accountants who by using their own moral standards ethically can make the things bit better. In terms of the firms priorities for CSR, it seems that they are claiming more than taking practical steps and their priorities together with their practise are ambiguous. Although CSR reporting have become tradition in many companies but still they are lacking many aspects. It seems that they are looking after their own benefits only and not giving importance to other stakeholders .They seems to follow Friedmans idea that money belongs to shareholders only and they have to decide where to invest it. They are planning for short term ignoring long term. They do no consider this reality that by investing in social issues like community development, employees betterment , customer care, environment issue etc not only improves the reputation of the companies but develop the companies benefits in long term. But in spite of all the claims it seems that saying something and doing something practically are two separate things. One can find hundred and thousands of press releases about CSR but less practical steps can be found. It does not mean that nothing is being done on CSR but more needs to be done. Chapter 2 2. Literature review This Chapter will examine the academic literature on Corporate Social Responsibility. More specifically the review will focus upon what CSR in reality stands for, its importance, Rules and Regulation, what the companies are doing in respect of CSR, Professional Accountants Role and expectations of the stakeholders. CSR which has been used for business ethics, defined as tantamount to corporate philanthropy, and considered strictly as relating to environment policy has different meaning and importance for everyone. (McWilliams, Siegel, Wright, 2006) Through the power of collective action, the Global Compact seeks to advance responsible corporate citizenship so that business can be part of the solution to the challenges of globalization. In this way, the private sector in partnership with other social actors can help realize the Secretary-Generals vision: a more sustainable and inclusive global economy. (www.unglobalcompact.org) 2.1 The concept of CSR JCI believes that CSR is about what business can do not about what business must do. It is about opportunities not about obligations or new rules. (www.davidgrayson.net). The recent CSR concept was first found in the mid-twentieth when the focus was just on social issues like charity and Labour issues. But later the area of discussion widened and covered ecological issues as well. It included how business should take account of its economic, social and environment impacts in the way it operates- maximizing the benefits and minimizing the downsides. Corporate social responsibility means that a company or business is not only accountable to its shareholders but to all its stakeholders which include its customers, suppliers, employees, local communities, investors, environment, governments etc. CSR to a very large extent has been noticed a voluntary action with less legal requirements. 2.2 Importance of CSR The exploitation in the business world is as old as business world itself. Whether it was employees rights, communities inconvenience, environment, shareholders, customers, suppliers, creditors or debtors it has been obvious everywhere. But as the CSR ha gained a lot of attention, the world has become the global village now where the comments like ‘ Profit is only responsibility can not be accepted. (Husted, B.W. and Salazar, J., 2006). Where selected stakeholders like particular suppliers, creditors or shareholders can not be favoured by managers, where abuse of power by business can not exist, employees can not be exploited and society can not ignore the damage of the environment. The main reason for the awareness for all these things is CSR. One thing is sure that the pressure on business to play its role on social issues will continue to grow in future. In the last ten years the institution which worked hard within the global sphere of operation gained more respect, power, monetary benefits and influence as well. On the other hand the institutions like police, judiciary and scores of government institutions have been failed in doing so. But the pressure is growing day by day in this respect. The governments have admitted this thing that it can not change the whole world without the help of the people who are living in the world particularly the corporate world which is getting benefits from the society. So the government is in one way or another putting pressure on the businesses to contribute towards the social issues. On the other hand businesses have also come to known that for long term recognition and benefits, they have to be active in respect of CSR. They have to recognise the rights of their employees respect their suppliers, save the environment and contribute towards the other issues which exist in the society 2.3 Intangibles and CSR The importance of the intangibles can not be ignored as the new International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) stated that from 2005 all listed European companies must report acquired intangible assets. The intangible assets includes Brand value, goodwill etc. (www.csr.gov.uk). It is said that intangible assets are more important for a business than the tangible ones. CSR not only helps in building these assets but protects and expands them. For example the brand value of any business do not start form the beginning but retained afterwards with different CSR activities which may include Consumer specific activities, health and safety measures , Sponsoring community development programme, support for clean environment and so on. 2.4Competitiveness A business can be more competitive and successful as well by adopting CSR policies which is an edge for any company. For example a link between a business and customer give more information to the business about the needs and requirements of the customer. Ultimately this thing results in the business becoming more competitive in terms of product development. CRS also makes the businesses more efficient and competitive in respect of price by taking steps like minimizing waste .If the companies prefer to make the recyclable products, it can help on the one hand to reduce a danger for environment and on the other hand can help a lot to reduce the cost of the product which ultimately results in low price for the customer and more benefits for the businesses. 2.5 Different Approaches towards CSR Corporate social responsibility is one of those topics-like Manchester United and the New York Yankees- that raises passions both for and against. (Simon, 2005). Different approaches can be found about CSR which are contradictory. This part will examine some of the approaches available and analyze them. For many years, Milton Friedman (1962) has been known as the villain in the business and social literature. His notion, that business are owned by their shareholders and they have to decide about their money if they want to give it to the charity or not, has been criticized (Husted and Salazar, 2006).He further had an argument that CSR is indicative of self-serving Behaviour on the part of manager and reduces shareholders wealth (Abagail , Donald and Patrick 2006).But without going into details this idea seems to be true that how spending more on social issues will help to maximize the benefits of the businesses . The shareholders do not have any problem to spend a moderate amount on these types of issues. On the contrary, there are others who have totally different opinions. For example Jones says in his stakeholders theory that the firms which are loyal and honest to their stakeholders ultimately create incentives for their own firms. Some say that CSR is only used by some companies to get competitive advantages. (Abagail , Donald and Patrick 2006) Some are with the viewpoint that CSR is not about giving charity only but it is more than that. It is about helping the community, taking steps to save environment, taking care of the rights of employees, improving relationship with customers and about contributing towards other social issues. (www.mallenbaker.net) One thing is quite sure from the previous experiences that companies cannot maintain business success and shareholder value by maximising short-term profits and the importance of the CSR can not be ignored in the recent time. (Oketch, M. 2004). The companies should, therefore, should take part in the activities which allow them to get benefit in the long run, and contribute as much as possible to the community without making a loss. This will take them towards a win-win situation. 2.6 CSR and Poverty Reduction Because of the unfair distribution of the wealth, people in some countries do not have food to eat and water to drink while in some countries people have more than they need. Although poverty reduction and CSR do not seem to be connected with each other yet the social responsible business can contribute to reduce the poverty especially in developing countries. Creating Jobs, Training the people, addressing the issue of child labour, gender equality, health care, community development, higher minimum wage and better working place conditions are some of the steps under the roof of CSR which can help to reduce the poverty to a certain level. A proactive approach of corporate world, society, professionals and governments is needed towards CSR to reduce the poverty. 2.7 Professional Accountants role Scores of Professional accountant have already started taking steps to adopt the concept of CSR and ready to contribute towards a contemporary issues especially environment-being the most important currently. But they have been criticised usually for not unfolding the required information which the stakeholders are looking for. Their CSR reporting fails to be logical and does not produce comparable data on environmental issues, risks and uncertainties which can be relevant to the business current and future performance . The main objective of corporate reporting is to communicate economic measurement of the information about resources and performance that would be useful to users who have a right to this information. To fulfil this objective, corporate reports have to possess the following qualitative characteristics: relevance, reliability, comparability, objectivity and timeliness (Barry Elliot and Jamie Elliot, 2004). Accountants, who are actually considered responsible for reporting all the aspects, have been following set rules made by professional bodies and other authorities. These bodies have only provided basic rules which do not include the ultimate guidance on social and environmental issues. Furthermore accountants have been focusing on past only rather than dealing with present and future. For instance historic cost, prudence, representational faithfulness and so on have been their basic areas of interest. These concepts actually do not help when reporting social and environmental issues. After years of criticism both professional bodies and government worked out certain criterias about these issues. But in spite of the fact that accounting standards have some provisions and government has put some restriction, the accounting professionals need to take these new issues into consideration while reporting financial performance. The standards only provide basic guidelines to standardise the system globally and the whole world will be a better place if theory and practice is balanced for its betterment. The accounting professionals need to use their moral standards as well while reporting. 2.8 Governments role The role of the governments is very vital to improve the contribution of the business to the social development. According to many intellectual the basic thing which prompts any organization to play its responsible role in society is legislation in that particular area. There are laws which cover many areas like minimum wage, Health and safety and disclosure to investors but the governments have probably need to make some amendments in laws in the areas such as social and environment. Whereas on the other hand many opine that if the legislation regarding CSR is prepared, the businesses will only make efforts which the law requires but never more. At the moment many companies are doing their best voluntarily but the legislation can effect their motivation and they may step back. The governments have been facing two challenges. First how to engage more and more companies in CSR and secondly how to make the contribution of the companies better in terms of CSR. For the first challenge the government has made a set of rules and regulation for the companies to follow CSR and reviewed it action and polices across the board and made CSR a priority. For the second challenge the governments have been encouraging the roles of the companies which are doing their bets for the social issues. The governments can make corporate social responsibility better by providing best practice guidance, intelligent regulation and incentives to the companies where needed. Some suggestions of making a separate department for CSR have also come to the surface from many critics. They think that accountants are not supposed to deal with CSR especially social and environmental issues. 2.8.1 U.K Government U.K business world to some extent going in the right direction as the global Reports 2006 survey shows that U.K companies were rated the top three reporters (www.csr.gov.uk). ‘Since I became Minister for CSR in May 2002 we have seen rapid growth in Interest in the application and implications of CSR. What has impressed me most has been the level of creativity and enthusiasm brought to the subject from all quarters. Weve seen encouraging progress. Id like to highlight some significant recent developments and look at where we need to focus for the future. (www.csr.gov.uk) The government encourages companies to report on their CSR performance in different ways like: * Issued guidance on environment reporting * The ACCA sustainability reporting awards * Supported the global Reporting Initiative The U.K Government has brought the regulation up to date as well. From October 2007 Quoted companies must also disclose the information about employees, environment, social and communities matters. Company act 2006 also has shown some legislation in this respect. (www.corporateRegister.com) 2.8.2 European Union Role Like UK European commission also considers Corporate Social responsibility an important area and have already started working. In 2001 the European commission developed a strategy on CSR which resulted in the establishment of a Multi-Stakeholder forum on CSR in October 2002.In march 2006 European commission published its communication on CSR which states that CSR can make a significant contribution and make Europe a ‘ pole of exellance. During its presidency of EU in 2006, Finland held a conference with the name ‘ Corporate social responsibility policies promoting innovation and competitiveness which also emphasized on the importance of the Corporate Social Responsibility. (www.csr.gov.uk) 2.8.3 International Commitment In September 2006 a ‘world summit on sustainable development was arranged in Johannesburg where all participant committed to promote corporate responsibility and made a future line of work. Some critics, however, says that the government is trying to avoid its duties because it is just dependent on the NGOs. Governments are trying to push NGOs on the front foot instead of going forward themselves. It is true that governments are making efforts for the development of CSR but the main problem is practice. It has been observed in different surveys that the non-government organizations in the world are making more efforts and taking practical steps for the solutions of social issues than the governments and the Governments are lacking the implementation of the its theory . 2.9 Consumer and CSR To talk about the role of the general public, they have also a very important role to play. Sometime the companies want to be more efficient and wishes to make CSR Central to their corporate identity. For instance the Seventh Generation who are the suppliers of the chlorine-free toilet tissues and Ben Jerrys, who are the eco-friendly ice-cream maker, have not been responded well by the consumer. It seems that only minority of people are ready to pay premium prices for these responsible products. This type of behaviour from consumer can demoralise the companies or force them to limit their CSR activities. Some critics says that only consumer can not be blamed for not supporting CSR activities as it is the duty of the government that it should aware the general public about CSR. If a common consumer does not know what CSR is or how it can be supported, how consumer can encourage such activities. 2.10 NGOs and CSR NGOs and trade unions have been pointing their fingers at the international government bodies for their lack of commitment towards CSR. It is to some extent true that companies have been left alone with less guidance and little support from governments. It has been noticed that Non-government organizations have been working more actively than the governments. Whether they are social or environmental issues non- government organizations seems to be excelled. For instance in many parts of the world different charitable or non- profitable organizations are going ahead to the governments institutions, professionals, and corporate world. ActionAid , Amnesty International UK , Oxfam GB , Refugee Council , Saferworld , Save the Children UK and World Development Movement are some of the examples of the NGOs which are working for social and environmental issues and putting their best efforts without making any profit. 2.11 CSR in developing countries CSR aims both to improve the contribution of the business in society and maximize the benefits out of the business activity. The more CSR activities can be found in the richest countries than in the middle and low-income countries. The agenda of CSR is less visible in these countries. CSR actually offers opportunity to the governments, Private Sectors, Professional Accountants to bring changes in the current social system in these countries. Even the companies which are doing their businesses in the developed countries can do a lot in these countries by expanding their Corporate Social Responsibility practices to these countries. By doing this they can enlighten their image and get long term benefits as well. However over the past few years the governments, businesses NGOs and civil society have managed to some extent to adopt CSR agenda and have started doing something in the developing countries as well . For instance the countries like South Africa, China, India, Brazil and Philippines have started CSR movements in their respective countries. But it is the beginning and still lot to do in this regard. 2.12 Consequences in the absence of CSR The above mentioned discussion about CSR and its importance made one thing very clear that CSR has become essential both from the business an Social point of view. If the society, the accounting professionals, businesses and other academics in the financial field do not challenge these issues and stop being passive in order to meet the true purpose of their roles, the problems will continue to grow. As far as the businesses are concerned they make money while working in a society. If the society where they are working is strong enough in respect of money and can enjoy the basics needs of the life the economy will grow which will result in a prosperous Situation. If the companies are making money from the people, it is not strange to give some part of it back to the people in the form of facilitating them in different respects such as community development, helping the poor, Taking care the children, take care of the suppliers, customers, employees and contribute towards the solution of the environmental issues which is in reality their surroundings as well. It is said that to get love from some one you have to give it first. By doing all the efforts regarding CSR the companies actually enhance their image side by side other benefits for long term. In the absence of CSR business can make money but can not earn long term benefits and respect in the society in current situation. To talk about the professional accountant, it is obvious that they follow certain rules and regulations while reporting but they need to follow morality and ethics as well. The professional, of course, are the part of society and not the part of problems in society. As CSR has become a source of betterment for the society, they should take care of the social and environmental issues while reporting for the companies and should try to point the risks in future with regards to business side by side giving analysis of the past. If they just ignore the issues of the society, who knows they can be ignored by the society. Chapter 3 3. Methodology Knowledge is a series of inventive activities which applying models to unfold the reality (Watofsky, 1983) .This type of inventive process changes time to time and human beings observe the changes. But the models which human beings themselves recognise vary time to time. The method of case study has been adopted in the project which will itself answer many questions like ‘How, when and why. The procedure to go for case study is more explanatory and flexible than the other methods. Case study procedure is found suitable because it helps to understand the complex issues deeply, points out the problems during the procedure and suggests remedies as well. The Case studies of Sainsbury and Tesco in this project are carried out in order to know the current situation of CSR and its importance in corporate world in U.K. The reason for selecting Sainsbury and Tesco is that the both companies are the very successful and big names in the U.K, represents other business community and rivals as well. The project aims to observe the CSR importance by analyzing their intern

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay

I. Introduction Man needs philosophy in order to be able to think, act and live accordingly. It is a basic blueprint of a man’s actions from thinking, to interacting with others. The only thing that is constant is change. This saying is indeed true especially in the Philippine Education System. For every change implemented lies challengers on the part of the classroom teachers who portrays varied roles. The rapid changes in the world have made curriculum design even more difficult. to be globally competitive II. Aims of my Philosophy chosen There is a need to revise the curriculum from time to time for us to suit the needs of time. We should go on with the flow of life and we should revise it now because curriculum in the past is not anymore very effective or suited for today’s generation As pro active individual I consider Change as a challenge and not a threat. Meeting new challenges require the opportunity to take risks and try new ideas. As a learning individual change is inevitable to meet the needs of society. In a fast changing society education is one way to connect oneself to the past and to project into the future and therefore aims in Philosophy should be considered. III. Role of Philosophy chosen to Education Education and philosophy are closely tied together; both are associated with teaching, learning, and discovering. Philosophy is more of an all-encompassing part of life, though; education is a more specific form of it. Due to the contributions of philosophers over the centuries, education has developed into the powerful tool that it is today. Without philosophy, education would essentially not exist. That said importance of philosophy in education is in fact the foundation in which all academic teaching and intellectual learning is built off. IV. Role of Philosophy to the content development 1. It guides everyone to plan collaboratively for school change to meet the learner’s diverse needs 2. It serves as a vehicle to open new ideas for positive outcomes 3 It strengthens the goals on meeting challenges for a fully functional learner. Language is dynamic as well as the curriculum. We have different curriculum in the past and in the present. We are now in a globally competitive world. A world that also needs competitive teachers and students. So, how will you become competitive if your curriculum is traditional? And is not aware of the new trends of teaching today? Students now are fond of using computers. They will probably choose going to the computer shop than going to school. As a teacher, what will you do? Don’t be a boring teacher! An effective way of solving this kind of phenomena is that the teachers must use technology in teaching. Make it as your partner in delivering a lesson so that the students will not get bored. Make a teaching-learning process lively and meaningful. Teaching and learning give life and meaning to the curriculum because this is the process wherein the teacher and the students interact with each other interchangeably or vice versa. If there is an effective teaching-learning process, it’s really a big help to the curriculum. It’s a big honor because each complements and supplements each other. The value placed in teaching will reap the same value in learning. Thus, a good curriculum can be judged by the kind if teaching and the quality of learning derived from it. The most important thing to keep in mind about strategic content development is that it’s truly an improvisational process. The reason why you want to identify as many viable options for potentially remarkable content is simple: You’ll almost certainly need to make adjustments on the process, and it’s easier to do that when you’ve already identified alternatives. So, the final aspect of strategic content development is to constantly evaluate what happened along the way, and why. The most valuable lessons are often found in the things that didn’t work, so treat it all as a learning experience that keeps your content constantly fresh and worth talking about. V. Significant effect of this curriculum development to the current trends in attaining universal truth in Educational Process In 2012 Deped’s K 12 Program goes full blast. Brother Armin Luistro has described the implementation of the universal primary or pre-school education in the Philippines as the â€Å"defining moment† in the administration of President Aquino as it seeks to implement reforms with deep impact on the welfare of Filipino children and the youth. DepEd’s enhanced curriculum aims to meet the overall objective of preparing children for productive work, either as employees or entrepreneurs, while maintaining its current academic thrust It seems that the President is rushing this program before his term ends. If this program is not implemented well, we might not achieve our real objectives. And all we have done is to disrupt the whole system. Changing programs and implementing new ones is not cheap. Will the next President change the system again? In a survey conducted by SWS from Aug. 24 to 27 last year showed growing acceptability of the key features of the K-12 program compared to survey results in March 2012. About 72 percent of Filipino adults believe that K-12 will give students more sufficient knowledge and preparation for work and college compared to those who finished 10 years of basic education, garnering a net rating of +48, up from +35 last March. The percentage of Filipinos who believe that more students will be encouraged to finish the two-year SHS because it is equivalent to two years of college hit 69 percent, or a 10- point increase from 59 percent in March. The results showed that 68 percent of Filipinos with a net rating of +39 believe that more students will finish SHS even with the additional cost and number of years because K-12 graduate will be better prepared for work, higher education, and business. The results of the survey did’nt even reach 75% which means some are not amenable to the new program. Although the selling point of K to 12 is the assurance that graduates of Senior High School will be able to work immediately, even before or without seeking a college degree Under certain circumstances, it is possible to revise only the high school curriculum. Even in this case, we have to wait until those already in First Year have finished Fourth Year (under the present system). After drawing up a curriculum on paper (including such things as expected competencies, prerequisites, qualifications, learning areas, scope, coverage, and outcomes), curriculum designers have to think about the textbooks and other instructional materials that will have to be created for the new or revised subjects. Although teacher training is a separate process, curriculum designers also have to give pointers on how teachers should be trained to handle the subjects. There also has to be some way to determine if and when the curriculum needs to be revised; this is called program assessment or evaluation. Because of abrupt implementation teachers are really having a hard time coping with the changes not to mention the lack of classrooms, instructional materials and the real physical situation of the learners. If the government can financially sustain the program without adding too much burden on parents, it’s worth giving it a try. However, nowadays, most of the students are the happy-go-lucky types who do not regard education as their priority. They’d rather bum around in malls or stay glued to computers. As a result, most graduates are half-baked, who can’t even write or speak good English, unlike the students of yesteryears. Before, a Grade 6 pupils then could already teach. An additional two years to the basic education curriculum could spell two more years of burden to poor parents who could hardly send their children to school. Before full implementation, there usually is a year-long pilot to debug the curriculum, as well as a longer transition period within which some students will be following the old curriculum and some following the new. Curriculum should not only focus on the tools necessary to develop reasoned and logical construction of new knowledge in our various fields of study, but also should aggressively cultivate a culture that nurtures creativity in all of our learners. This point seems particularly important.